The Climate Has Changed Before, So Don't Worry?

Nearly everyone now knows that climate change is real, and that humans are either causing it or making it worse. So I don’t discuss it with anyone anymore. I had a contract to write Encyclopedia of Global Warming for Facts on File but they discontinued the project. Fortunately I got paid an advance for just writing a headword list.

Now the fossil fuel protagonist argument is, “The climate has changed before, so don’t worry about it. Just keep buying our oil and gas, and let us make our money, and quit whining.” This is a really bad argument. The reason is that, yes, the climate has changed, even within the past millennium, but it has had disastrous effects on societies. So the argument that we don’t need to take any action to prevent climate change is like saying, “The Black Death didn’t kill everyone, therefore we do not need medicine and public health.”

About 800 years ago, a great civilization collapsed. It was the Misssissippian culture, which covered most of eastern North America, centered in what is now Cahokia, Illinois. Never heard of it? That’s because most pre-contact Native American history has been erased from our national consciousness.

Cahokia was one of the biggest cities in the world at that time. The only way it could support the number of people that it did was because of intensive agriculture, mostly corn, squash, and beans. This civilization collapsed because of political unrest but also because of a drought. If the Natives had lived off of hunting and gathering, the way most people think they did, then the drought would have had little effect. But the drought caused the collapse of their intensive agriculture. This is an example of how climate disruption (in this case, a natural one) caused the collapse of a civilization, as explained in this Scientific American article. I will also write about this in Chapter 2 of my upcoming book.

Society enables a stability that allows humans to survive natural disasters. But sometimes these disasters can exceed the capacity of society to rescue the humans. The Mississippian civilization is an example. Most of the people survived, and they continued planting fields (just not as many), and the trade networks survived.

This is all that remains of Cahokia. We can only hope that our modern civilization does not disappear the way theirs did.

The Biggest City in the World You Never Heard About: Cahokia

It is the biggest city that you never heard about. It may well have been the biggest city in the world somewhere between 1000 and 1250. With more than ten thousand inhabitants, this city was at least as large as London at the same time. Why, then, have you never heard about it?

The city today is called Cahokia, in southern Illinois. All that remains of it are large earthen mounds built by Native Americans, one basket of soil at a time, in which bones and artifacts were buried. Warrior-priests lived in wooden structures on the flat mound tops. For square miles around the main mound (now called Monks Mound), workers (slaves?) lived in huts and grew vast fields of maize (corn, unknown at the time outside America) and other crops. Except for the lack of brick and stone and cathedrals, it might have looked like a medieval English landscape. The main urban complex covered 1.8 square kilometers but associated areas covered many more square kilometers. All around Monks Mound, even several miles toward the west, there are other mounds, many of them large, though Monks Mound is the largest.

 

I visited Cahokia in June, 2023, and have posted a video about it [https://youtu.be/cqUPn9cWFkk ].

We do not know who these people were. They left no writing for us to even try to decipher. We do not know what language they spoke or what they called their city or themselves. Based on artistic similarities in pottery, archaeologists have concluded that the Wichita and Caddo tribes are the physical descendants of the mound builders, although these modern tribes have no tradition or memory of a vast civilization.

Cahokia was the center of a small empire. About five other empires were centered around similar mound-cities in North America, each a separate empire (we think). I will write about one other mound city, Spiro, in a later blog essay.

The Cahokia empire was connected to the other empires by a vast trade network that covered most of the eastern deciduous forest. The trails were of dirt well pressed by thousands of feet. Trade goods were carried by hand, as there were no horses, oxen, or wheels. There was also extensive trade by boat. Cahokia was within sight of the Mississippi River, which is why the culture is called the Mississippian Culture. Eight hundred years ago, the urban center was on the east bank, which today is an economically depressed area and includes East St. Louis. Today, St. Louis on the west bank fills the economic role that Cahokia had eight hundred years ago. Then as now, the Mississippi carried commercial shipping. Today, freeways (of which St. Louis has numerous large ones) have replaced trails.

Trade goods were usually high-value decorative items. As far as we know, food was not usually transported, since the amount needed would weigh too much. Most of the food was corn, beans, and squash, with venison and “wild” nuts for protein. Remains of copper, shell, and sandstone artifacts have been found, and it is possible that perishable items such as clothes and blankets may have been imported. The shells came from the Gulf of Mexico. The copper came from the Great Lakes area, and some of it was reshaped into new artifacts in a copper workshop at Cahokia. Pipe bowls were made from a soft light brown clay similar to that found today in the vicinity of Pipestone, Minnesota. Though the Mississippian culture did not extend into Mexico, there was some trade with the Natives we collectively call “the Aztecs.”

Nobody knows why the Mississippian civilization collapsed. There was apparently a major drought about 1300, but this might not have by itself caused food production to collapse. There was undoubtedly soil erosion caused by the intensive agriculture needed to feed the population, although this would also probably have not caused the collapse. Most likely, it was these two factors (and others?) working together.

You cannot see the Mississippi River today from even the top of Monks Mound, accessible by a modern stairway. The view of the river is not blocked by modern buildings. It is blocked by trees such as oak and elm which have grown back since European and white American occupation. Native Americans cut down small trees and used fire to clear away saplings and undergrowth. The Natives transformed the landscape not only by creating urban centers and by agriculture, but also by fire.

Why have you never heard of the Mississippian civilization? This is the important question. Everyone has heard of the Mayans (the contemporaries of the Mississippians), the Aztecs, and the Incas. But popular racist images show Native Americans north of Mexico as being small populations of hunters and gatherers, leaving scarcely a footprint as they gathered berries and nuts and hunted deer. The reason this image is racist is that it justifies the conquest of North American tribes, who were not using the land to its full capacity, by civilized Europeans who transformed the landscape into a fruited plain with whitewashed cities, a process popularly called Manifest Destiny. What is sometimes called “revisionist history” proclaims the facts about the advanced Native American cultures. But this new view of history is attacked and maligned by conservative state legislatures. There is even a law in Oklahoma that forbids the teaching of any history or sociology that would embarrass white Americans or make them feel inferior.

The conservative racist (these are not necessarily the same things) viewpoint has been triumphant, because if you ask Americans about major precolumbian urban centers north of Mexico, very few will know anything about it. The myth of the savage, vanishing Red Man persists.